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Flight Dynamics Planning and Operations Support for the JWST Mission

September 29, 2022

Explore the Orbit Determination Strategy of the JWST

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was launched from Kourou Spaceport on December 25, 2021, at 12:20 UTC on an Ariane 5 launch vehicle. The launch vehicle inserted JWST into a 30-day transfer trajectory to the Sun-Earth-Moon (SEM) Lagrange point L2 region. JWST executed three mid-course correction maneuvers (MCCs) to insert the spacecraft into a quasi-halo orbit about SEM L2; JWST will maintain its trajectory about L2 for at least 5.5 years, with a goal of at least 10.5 years. This paper summarizes the flight dynamics support for JWST, including the prelaunch nominal trajectory design, the launch window analysis, contingency planning for trajectory-related anomalies, mission operations support for the first 6 months, and a comparison of the planned and achieved actual JWST trajectory results. The orbit determination strategy, both planned and executed, will be summarized, and the method of addressing the anomalies as they occurred will be included.

Introduction

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a deep space infrared observatory investigating the history of the universe. JWST was launched December 25, 2021, at 12:20 UTC from Kourou Spaceport, French Guiana on an Ariane 5 with a cryogenic upper stage, the ESC-A+, into a transfer trajectory to the Sun Earth-Moon (SEM) L2 region. After injection, JWST performed midcourse corrections (MCCs) using a bi-propellant propulsion system to finalize injection into a quasi-halo orbit about the SEM L2 region one month after launch; station-keeping orbit maintenance began approximately 21 days later.

This paper will give a brief overview of the JWST mission and the transfer trajectory, followed by a discussion about prelaunch support, focusing on the trajectory-related aspects of the mission. There will be a brief summary of the support provided by the personnel, the Flight Dynamics Team (FDT) and facilities, primarily the Flight Dynamics Facility (FDF) at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The launch events and MCCs as flown will be compared to prelaunch nominal predictions and the impacts will be discussed, followed by conclusions.

 

 

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References
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2J. Petersen, B. Stringer, and K. Richon, “Mid-Course Correction Analysis for James Webb
Space Telescope,” AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, 2022.
3W. Yu, T. Rashied, A. Santacroce, B. Stringer, and J. Lorah, “JWST Real-Time Mid-Course
Correction Maneuver Monitoring Contingency Preparation,” AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist
Conference, August 2022.
4J. Levi, K. Richon, A. Nicholson and J. Landis, “The JWST Flight Dynamics Operations Concept and Flight Dynamics Ground System,” IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2019.
5A. Nicholson, “JWST Post-Launch Report”, FDSS-III-104-0040,” June 25, 2022.
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Specialist Conference, August 2022.
8J. Brown, J. Petersen, B. Villac, and W. Yu, “Seasonal Variations of the James Webb Space
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29, 2021.
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